Making Friends & Making Them Count by Em Griffin Term Paper

Making Friends & Making Them Count by Em Griffin - Term Paper Example According to Em, â€Å"Friendship is an art†, and the book analyzes the shape of the art. (Griffin, 7-10). The book mainly focuses on the communication aspects required within a relationship. However, it also explains the basic necessities of understanding and maintaining a friendship. Synopsis of the Story: Em Griffin started his book with his views on the interpersonal communication describing it as a â€Å"process of creating unique shared meaning† (Griffin, 13). He took examples of certain games and illustrated them to make the readers understand the importance of communication, and how it is related to a friendship between two persons. Bowling, ping pong, and charades were used by him to compare the communication process in these games and in relationships. He compared the bowling game with communication in the way a ball is delivered by a bowler which passes through a lane and strikes the audience, quite similar to the process by which a sender delivers his messag e which passes through a communication channel and reaches the receiver. Em took ping pong as another example to explain how it takes two people to complete a communication process, like the way the game needs â€Å"two to play†. ... Thus Em used logical examples with the help of games to explain the importance of interpersonal communication. (Griffin, 13-16). Em also described the process of interpersonal communication through ten rules which are: (Griffin 1) â€Å"Interpersonal communication is a process†, (Griffin 2) â€Å"Interpersonal communication starts with the self†, (Griffin 3) â€Å"The chances for effective communication increase as people become aware of their motives for getting together†, (Griffin 4) â€Å"People communicate to reduce uncertainty†, (Griffin 5) â€Å"Words don’t mean things, people mean things†, (Griffin 6) â€Å"You cannot not communicate†, (Griffin 7) â€Å"Without identification, there is no communication†, (Griffin 8) â€Å"To reveal oneself openly and honestly takes the rawest kind of courage†, (Griffin 9) â€Å"Communication is irreversible and unrepeatable†, and (10) â€Å"Communication=Content+Relationshi p†. (Griffin, 18-22). Em stressed on the communication aspect because communication is the most vital factor in any interpersonal relationship. In relationships like friendships, ineffective communication may destroy a relation. On the other hand, according to Em, effective communication, following the above mentioned ten rules may not only build strong relation but also maintain them. Thus, through the ten rules as mentioned above, Em tried to explain that interpersonal communication is a process which encompasses an â€Å"ongoing transaction†. When the transfer and getting of messages occur simultaneously, effective communication occurs. According to Em, interpersonal communication starts with the self because some people have a â€Å"self-concept† which may be an overestimated image and may affect the actions he takes, hurting relationships. When

Business Analysis& Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Business Analysis Decision Making Essay According to Haslam, Neale and Johal (2000), `the total factor productivity us in general defined in two main types; the Level of labour and capital and their efficiency of production; and the productivity of the firm. The productivity of capital and labour is calculated as: total outputs divided by inputs of labour and capital`. Labour cost in a company makes a major part of the production cost and should be therefore most cost efficient. The total employment divided to the total physical output equals the total labour productivity. EXAMPLE If a company produces more the one product or provides service rather the manufactured it can be difficult to recognise the physical output. Therefore, financial proxies such as value added or net output of employment are used. In order to compare the figures fair with each other, financial indexes can be produced. `This is possible by dividing the total number of labour hours into the value added`, (Haslam, Neale and Johal, 2000). The result of this calculation is the value added generated by labour hour. This index can be compare not just with the past years of production of a firm, in addition it is possible to compare with other companies to obtain a broad prospective about labour productivity and how efficient labour is used. Furthermore, over the years inflation changes the purchasing power of money and capital productivity varies. Assts may change value due to depreciation or capital consumption. Therefore, companies analyse the value added per  £ of fixed assets. `Capital productivity is calculated as capital stock (before depreciation or capital consumption) divided into the net output or value added figure`, (Haslam, Neale and Johal, 2000). The relationship between a growing product market and productivity is that; in a growing market the demand of a manufactured good increase. The result is an increase in volumes produced and sold. However, productivity is the output less the cost of production. Therefore, a growing market is not the only factor in order to achieve greater productivity. Like it was briefly pointed out in the paragraph above, labour cost is expensive and therefore should be used efficiently. A boost in productivity may occur whilst improving the productive flow. Due to the introduction of new techniques, working methods such as cell or mass production; and technical inventions such as conveyors labour costs can be cut and productivity increased. Another factor for increasing productivity may be employees’ satisfaction. In addition, in a growing market it comes to fragmentation and segmentation and the market matures. In order to stay competitive many firms lower their prices, which results less revenue generated. Employee satisfaction Labour time most efficient used labour efficiency, product quality, brand recognition and the economy Haslam, Neale and Johal, Economics in a Business context 3rd edition, Thomson Learning 2000, London

association of kenyan women writers :: essays research papers

The Association of Media Women in Kenya, AMWIK, is a national media association whose overall concern is to promote and represent interests of women in the media and women in general, particularly in as far as the media portrays them and in their efforts to participate equally in national development. The association was started in 1983 with the prime desire to promote the interests and advancement of women in the media. The organization is apolitical and is run on a voluntary basis by members who also work in various media houses in the country. The membership of sixty, is drawn from women professionals in the print, electronic, advertising and public relations. MISSION To use the media to promote the status of women in general, and to address the concerns of media women in particular, through various projects. OBJECTIVES To organise and unite media women professionals in fellowship and link them with other similar organizations elsewhere. To advance their interests in the profession and promote their understanding of the media profession. To promote the exchange of technical knowledge and professional expertise through the association. To promote training and job opportunities through scholarships, on-the-job guidance, lectures at girls schools and other institutions. To promote understanding of issues through the media as they affect women. OTHER PROGRAMMES Gender Training for Journalists: This has been going on since 1997 and aims at making coverage of women more gender sensitive. Response and interest generated by this training has shown the great need to continue with it. Journalists proposed both training of other journalists and editors so both men and women can get fair coverage. CIDA’s Gender Equity Support project and British Council sponsored this project. Training on Business Writing: This was necessitated by the realisation that women journalists are not involved in the coverage of business/economic issues. The objectives therefore were, to interest women journalists in the issues and encourage them to venture into this area. Women journalists proposed the need to continue the programme in order to equip them further. Nairobi Stock Exchange, NSE and British Council sponsored it. Media Monitoring: The project aims at monitoring how the media covers women in an effort to use the data for advocacy and change. The association has carried out a monitoring exercise in the coverage of violence against women. It intends to make it a regular exercise. It is supported by UN fund for women, UNIFEM.

A Way of Life Essay

Cell phones have become one of the most influential devices in today’s society. People have become so dependent on cell phones; they do not like to let them leave their presence because of anxiety that they might miss a call or text message. This essay will explore some of the positive and negative effects of cell phones with calling, texting and pictures. The first positive effects of cell phones are calling. Some employers will supply their employees with cell phones for business use. Salesman and drivers use them to contact customers for orders and deliveries. Customers can reach the drivers or salesman if there is a problem with their orders or have a complaint. Salesman can call and check on a customer at any time. Employers can call and check on the drivers and salesman for any reason. Parents can check on their kids. Kids can call their parents anytime and anywhere to let them know of their wellbeing. Cell phones are extremely useful to have when a person is driving alone. Someone may need assistance if they get stranded. If there is a car accident and need to call for help. Emergency personnel can respond quickly to an accident. On the other hand, the negative effect of calling is driving while talking on the phone. Can be extremely distracting paying attention to the road. Hearing the phone ring when a person is driving and try reaching for the phone can cause swerving all over the road or even an accident. The second positive effect is texting. Texting is an excellent way to communicate with someone without talking over the phone. Text messages can be sent to more than one person at a time. Schools like to send text messages to parents to remind and give information that they may need to be informed about their child. Companies like to send text reminders of payments due dates or compelling offers they might have. Meanwhile the negative effect of texting, while driving is extremely distracting because a person pays more attention to the cell phone than the surroundings around them and the road. Driver’s texting may not always see a car or person in front of them and can either have an accident or hit a person walking. People walking and texting at the same time do not always watch where they are going. They can walk into walls, cars, other things and end up getting hurt. Texting can also be distracting while people are working. Kids do not pay much attention in class if they worry about receiving a text or responding to one. Teenagers can use texting as a way of bullying others. The third positive effect is sending pictures. Taking pictures with cell phones is a terrific way of sharing photos by sending them to family and friends. Customers taking pictures and sending it to the salesman can help explain what they need or what product they are trying to find. The picture can give the salesman information they need to help the customer. The negative effect taking inappropriate pictures can lead to bullying and other unfortunate circumstances. In conclusion, cell phones are perfect for keeping in touch with family and friends. I send pictures of my kids to family and friends that are out of town all the time. So they are a part of what is going on in our lives. I am always calling and checking on my kids. I text them when they do not answer a call from me. My kids like most teenagers prefer to text message you then talk on the phone. Cell phones in general can have a positive and negative effect on everyone. When I am driving, I use my Bluetooth or I let it go to voicemail. Texting is not that crucial when people are driving. We all can call or text after we get to where we are going.

Displaced People

Myanmar is a country located in Central Asia that has experienced massive refugee migration in the last two decades. The displacement of Myanmar nationals, specifically the Rohingya Muslim group, is mainly due to three factors. Firstly, these residents have fled to other countries and even continents in order to avoid further conflict within the state (UNHCR 213). The nature of conflict is based on human rights abuses, while others are centered on religious differences.It should be understood that Myanmar has been mainly run by the military for at least 30 years and any rebellious acts against these forces immediately result in massive killings and other forms of persecution (UNHCR 59). In addition, the principles and beliefs of the Muslim Rohingya group are largely different from that of the military. Thus, to these refugees, migration appears to be the only solution for safety and ultimately, survival. There are reports that describe entire villages burned down by highly aggressive members of the military.Two of the most documented villages in Myanmar that have experienced massive migration are the Kanyi and Karen villages. The closest country to Myanmar is Thailand and thus this neighboring country has seen a great influx of refugees in the last few decades. Thailand has been very supportive to displaced Myanmar nationals as they fully assist in providing shelter to these helpless individuals. Unfortunately, refugees from Myanmar often reach Thailand in a very deplorable state, as they have traveled by foot or by sea for several days or weeks to simply cross the border.To date, there are approximately 200,000 Myanmar refugees who currently reside in camps around Thailand, with most of them having settled there almost 20 years ago. Other Myanmar refugees have moved to Bangladesh for temporary shelter, as there were particular groups in this country that has close linguistic ties with Myanmar. By the 1990’s, approximately 270,000 refugees have been docu mented to move out of the northern state of Rakhine in Myanmar and were directed to two Bangladeshi refugee camps, namely Nayapara and Kutupalong.The current government of Myanmar has earlier expressed their refusal to include the Rohingya group as their citizens and would only recognize this as an ethnic group. Fifteen years later, most of the Rohingya refugees have returned to Myanmar, yet a small portion of this population made up of around 26,000 refugees have continued to refuse to return to their home country. Since Bangladesh is also a developing country, the exile of these Myanmar citizens was not as simple as could be imagined.These refugees had to adapt to their new environment for the next 15 years and eventually, through the help of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, these individuals were transferred to Ontario, Canada. Other Myanmar refugees have also been reported in Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines and the United States. Another reason for displac ement of Rohingya Muslims is political, wherein this indigenous group was poorly treated simply for the reason that they have are considered to have no social status in Myanmar.The military government considers this group at stateless and that they have no capacity to pay for the issuance of Myanmar identification cards, which is the requirement for citizenship in the country. Another cause for displacement of Myanmar nationals is environmental disaster, such as the tsunami that was generated after an earthquake that occurred in the Pacific Ocean in 2004 (UNHCR 11).The strong waves emanating from the earthquake resulted in a tsunami that left Myanmar, India, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries under water for several months. Myanmar residents were thus pushed to move to higher ground and farther from the sea, in order to avoid any additional effects that may come after that strong earthquake. The tsunami of 2004 has resulted in the migration of the Myanmar nationals to nei ghboring countries such as Thailand, Bangladesh and Malaysia.

Sample Essay

Sample Essay Sample Essay is a website providing students with free essay writing tips. It is time to start working on admission essays. It becomes much easier to write your own essays if you have a sample admission essayas an example. College admission essays writing are very important, creating the only chance you have to tell the committees who you are. Good sample essay gives you an idea about attractive admission essay writing. That person you describe in the essay will come off as phony, superficial, exaggerated, and boring. Writing admission essay do everything in your power - describe yourself, your goals, your achievements. Your English college essay writing gives the admission committee an idea about who you are and why you should be chosen. Do not neglect the importance of sample essay provided below. Sample Admission Essays Admission essays sample about personal achievements and community service: ...In the Urban Health Care Program I did an elective at Women in Crisis, a program in Harlem for women with HIV/AIDS. I did workshops in churches, beauty parlors, and nail salons. I stood on corners distributing condoms and literature. I talked to women for hours, not just about HIV/AIDS but also about other issues affecting their health and/or well-being: self-esteem, safe sex, drug/alcohol abuse, the importance of an education. The following summer, I also participated in the AMSA/NHSC Health Promotion/Disease Prevention Project at the Institute for Urban Family Health in New York City. I developed lower literacy material on a variety of health topics. During my clerkships, I believe that I was able to bring all my skillsand caring to fusion. Patients at all age levels and genders seemed to take to me. My most rewarding clerkship (among many successful ones) was an elective I did at the Phillips Family Practice at Jefferson Medical College. I felt like a doctor, perhaps the way they were portrayed in old movies: like a family confidante, like a friend. I worked in an office and even made (my pleasure) home visits. I spoke to middle-aged patients about Diabetes and Hypertension and to adolescents about sex, social, or cultural issues - the death of a rap star, for example, why an eight-year-old shouldn't be drinking Kool-Aid. At Phillips, I felt that my life's sum was sending a resounding message: Family Practice would be my choice. But with a heart!... Check this out: Did you like the above sample? We can write a unique admission paper for you as well! All admission essays we deliver are original and customized. Thus, you get guaranteed results with our writing help. Interesting topics: Informative and Surprising Essay Conclusion Writing English Essay Writing Parts of a Thesis Term Paper on Cholesterol and Lipids

South American Slavery Essays

South American Slavery Essays South American Slavery Essay South American Slavery Essay The European colonies in the Americas were built upon the backs of the African slaves whose unpaid labor produced immense capital for Atlantic economies. Taken from their African homelands and thrust into the Americas, Black slaves labored under the hot Western sun to produce cash crops to add to the coffers of others. The slaves had no economic incentive to produce for their masters. To provide the necessary motivation, the slave masters relied above all on violence to coerce their slaves into labor. The slave trade and the production of cash crops created great wealth and was of great benefit to men on either side of the Atlantic, with the notable exception of the individuals who actually performed the labor. The history of Africans in the Americas is as much a history of slavery as it is a history of resistance to enslavement. From the moment they set foot on American soil, Africans plotted against their masters. Haiti and Brazil were two regions where slavery was as especially important as it was harsh. An African, upon touching Brazilian soil, had a life expectancy of sixteen years-eight years if he was sentenced carrying coffee. (Conrad 125) One third of all Haitian slaves died within several years. (Klubock) Both nations offer countless tales of Black resistance to White domination. Revolutionary action was often connected to religious practice, which slaves had to conduct in secret. African slaves also sought ways to maintain their African culture through secret dances and religious ceremonies, as well as the flight to mock African communities in the Americas to escape bondage. Manumission was also not uncommon as a relief from slavery. In Brazil, manumission was often purchased by a slave who had accumulated wealth on his own. Frequently these slaves were mulattos and more often than not women.In Haiti, children of the master, born of a slave concubine, were frequently manumitted.

Advanced English Grammar Review Quiz

Advanced English Grammar Review Quiz Intensive grammar review quizzes are a great way for English students to test their knowledge. This exam covers some of the  most important upper-intermediate level English tenses, structure, and functions. Use it in class or at home to improve your reading and comprehension or to study for an ESL, EFL, or TEFL test. Grammar Quiz Choose the correct word to fill in the blank. Answers can be found in the next section, along with explanations for each sentence. 1. If she _________ about his financial situation, she would have helped him out. had knownknewwould have known 2. Ill be _______________ their cat while they are away on holiday. looking intolooking atlooking after 3. He made his children _____ their homework every afternoon. to dodoingdo 4. The test was _____ difficult she had problems finishing it on time. suchsoas 5. By the time she arrives, we _________________ our homework. finishwill finishwill have finished 6. She _________ lunch by the time we arrived. finishedhad finishedwas finished 7. The sun ______ at 9 last night. satsettedset 8. When I stopped __________ to Mary, she was picking some flowers in her garden. speakingto speakspeak 9. Despite ___________ hard, he failed the exam. he studiedstudiedstudying 10. That room ____________ for a meeting this afternoon. is usedis being useduses 11. We _______ play tennis every day when we were young. usedwould towould 12. If I __________ you, I would get a better job. wasarewere 13. Hell give you a call as soon as he _______. arriveswill arriveis going to arrive 14. He  really didnt want to come last night. ______________ So did I.Neither I did.Neither did I. 15. Do you think he knows what ________? he wantsdoes he wantwants he 16. I think San Francisco is ______ exciting _____ New York. as ... thanas .... soas ... as 17. Why are your hands so dirty? Well, I ______________ in the garden. have workedhave been workingworked 18. Did you remember __________ the door? lockinglockto lock 19. ____________ 250 mph? Which model does goWhich does model goWhich model goes 20. That is the man ________ grandfather founded Kentucky Root Beer. whowhosethat 21. I could hardly ___________ the ship in the distance. see outmake throughmake out 22. Look at those clouds! It ___________ rain. s going towillshall 23. _________________, we wont have much to talk about. If not he comesUnless he comesSince he comes 24. He has _____ interest in continuing the project. anynot anyno 25. Where do you think Jane was yesterday? She __________ at home. must bemust have beenmust go 26. Jack told me he ___________ come the next day. is going towillwas going to 27. He drove the car __________ the garage and left for work. out ofoutinto 28. Jack ______________ a fortune when his great uncle passed on. came alongcame intocame through 29. Unfortunately, Peter has ______ friends in Tacoma. a fewa lotfew 30. I will finish that project soon. Ken said he ________ finish that project soon. werewouldwill 31. In his position _____ managing director, he is responsible for more than 300 employees. likeasso 32. She wished she __________ the new car. boughtwould buyhad bought 33. Fiestas ____________ in Cologne, Germany for many years now. have been madehave been makinghave made 34. I think you ___________ see a doctor. should better tooughthad better 35. Youll be leaving for Tokyo soon, _______? arent youwill youwont you 36. ______ the last market session the Dow Jones dropped 67 points. DuringWhileFor Answers and Explanations If she  had known  about his financial situation, she would have helped him out. Use the past perfect (had past participle) in the if clause of the third conditional to talk about unreal past situations.Ill  be looking after  their cat while they are away on holiday. The phrasal verb to look after means to take care of.He made his children  do  their homework every afternoon. The verbs make and let combine with an object plus the base form (without to) of the verb. Other verbs use the infinitive form of the verb (with to).The test was  so  difficult she had problems finishing it on time. Use so with an adjective and such with a  noun phrase.  By the time she arrives, we  will have finished  our homework. With the time clause by the time... use the future perfect to describe something that will have happened up to that point in time.She  had finished  lunch by the time we arrived. Use the past perfect (had participle) to express an action finished before another action in the past. The sun  set  at 9 last night. The verb to set is irregular.When I stopped  to speak  to Mary, she was picking some flowers in her garden. When using the verb to stop, use the infinitive form to express an action that you stopped in order to do. Use the gerund to express an action that you have stopped doing (and doesnt continue).Despite  studying  hard, he failed the exam. Use the gerund or having   past participle following despite. Use a verb clause when  following  although.That room  is being used  for a meeting today. Is being used is the present continuous form of the  passive voice  that is required by this sentence.We  would play  tennis every day when we were young. Would do something and used to do something both express a habitual action in the past. Used to do something also expresses the idea that you do not do that action anymore.If I  were  you, I would wait a while to begin investing. Use were in the second conditional if clause for all subjects.Hell give you a call as soon as he  arrives. In a future time clause use the present simple. The construction is the same as for the first conditional. He really didnt want to come last night.  Neither did I. Use neither followed by the opposite form of the helping verb to  state negative agreement.Do you think  he knows what he wants?  Be careful to change questions to standard sentence structure when asking an  indirect question.I think San Francisco is as  exciting as  New York.  Use as ... as to show equality.Why are your hands so dirty? Well, I have been working  in the garden.  Use the present perfect continuous to show what has caused a present result.Did you remember  to lock  the door? The verb stop can  change meaning when used with a gerund or infinitive.Which model goes  250 mph?  Subject questions  take standard positive sentence structure but begin with who, whom or which.That is the man  whose  grandfather founded Kentucky Root Beer. Whose is the  possessive relative pronoun  required in this sentence.I could hardly make out  the ship in the distance.  Make out  is a phras al verb meaning to see in the distance.Look at those clouds! Its going to rain.  Its is a contraction of it is, the present tense. Use the future continuous when making a prediction based on the evidence at hand. Unless he comes, we wont have much to talk about.  Unless he comes is a conditional clause.He has no interest in continuing the project. Use no when preceding a noun that lacks an article.Where do you think Jane was yesterday? She must have been at home. Use might have participle for a past modal verb of probability. The other forms include could have participle - possibility, must have participle - almost certain, cant have participle - almost certain in a negative way.Jack told me he  was  going to  come the next day.  Use the past progressive tense to refer to events that occurred in the past.He drove the car  out of  the garage and left for work. Use the prepositions out of when exiting a building.Jack  came into  a fortune when his great uncle Jack passed on. The phrasal verb to come into means to inherit.Unfortunately, Peter  has  few  friends in Tacoma. Use few to express a small amount that is considered negative in a disappointing sense.I will fin ish that project soon. Ken said he  would  finish that project soon.Will becomes would in reported speech. In his position  as  managing director, he is responsible for more than 300 employees. Use as to indicate function, use like to indicate similarity.She wished she  had bought  a new car. The use of the verb wish in the past is followed by the past perfect similar to the third conditional.Fiestas  have been made  in Cologne, Germany for many years now. Have been made is the correct present perfect passive form required in this case.I think you  had better  see a doctor. Had better, ought to, and should are all ways of giving advice.Youll be leaving for Tokyo soon,  wont you? Use the opposite of the auxiliary for a question tag.During  the last market session, the Dow Jones dropped 67 points. Use during with a noun, while with a verb clause.

Police and Victims Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Police and Victims - Case Study Example In Australia, there are two levels of police forces, the state police and the Australian Federal Police (AFP). The AFP is only 25 years old whilst State Police Forces were established in the 1800s The Australasian Institute of Policing (AIPol) is a non-industrial, not-for-profit incorporated association that has been established by practitioners, for practitioners to further the policing profession. As such, it is the professional body for Australian and New Zealand policing and has been established with the object to: The New South Wales Police Force (NSW Police Force; previously New South Wales Police Service & New South Wales Police) is the primary law enforcement agency in the State of New South Wales, Australia. (ASHWORTH, A 1987) It is an agency of the Government of New South Wales within the New South Wales Ministry for Police. Divided into eighty Local Area Commands (LAC),[1] the NSW Police Force consists of over five hundred local police stations and covers an area of 801,600 square kilometres whilst serving the state's population of seven million people.[2] Under the Police Regulation Act (1862), the organisation of the New South Wales Police Force was formally established in 1862 with the unification of all existing independent police units within New South Wales. The authority and responsibility of the entire police force was given to the Inspector General of Police.[3] Presently, the Commissioner of Police controls the police force. Crime and Justice System in Australia: The Commonwealth of Australia is federalist government composed of a national government and six State governments. The government of the Commonwealth is responsible for the enforcement of its own laws. The most frequently prosecuted Commonwealth offenses are those related to the importation of drugs and the violation of social security laws. Offenses against a person or against property occurring in Commonwealth facilities are also regarded as offenses against the Commonwealth. The States are primarily responsible for the development of criminal law. Queensland, Western Australia, and Tasmania are described as "code" States because they have enacted criminal codes which define the limits of the criminal law. The remaining three States, New South Wales, Victoria,and South Australia are regarded as common law States because they have not attempted codification. In practice, however, there is little ifference in the elements of the criminal law between the "code" and "common law" States. Local governments can pass

Roosevelt's Foreign Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Roosevelt's Foreign Policy - Case Study Example During the twenties the American people showed in elections that they were unwilling to join the League, and Roosevelt himself came to distrust it as a distortion of Wilson's project. Advocates of collective security held the United States partly responsible for this distortion because its absence encouraged use of the League for narrowly nationalist purposes by the other victorious Allies. In any case, isolationist sentiment in the Democratic Party became so strong that, in 1932, it was politically expedient for Roosevelt as a presidential candidate to reject United States entry into the League, and this he did before he was nominated. The most important step of the United States government towards collective security before 1933 was the Stimson Doctrine. By it the United States led the world in its first action against an aggression by a first-class power, Japan. It carried into practice the revolution in international law which had occurred since pre First World War days, when the rule had been general consent by the other powers to conquests by one nation and demands for shares in the spoils as compensation. Even the United States had on occasion played that game. When it took the Philippine Islands for itself, it threw a few other Spanish Pacific islands to Germany to quiet its complaints. Japan was always ready to "compensate" the powers, and particularly the United States, for its own gains in Manchuria and China, but the Stimson Doctrine marked a new era in which an aggressor became a criminal who could not bribe the jury. Its ultimate importance may be gauged by the fact that Beard points to Roosevelt's pr e-Inauguration agreement to maintain it as "a fateful step leading in the direction of Pearl Harbour." 1 A supporter of the policy would call it the first of the series of actions which led the United States into the United Nations. That a Republican administration should abandon imperialism in Latin America and move towards collective security in Asia has puzzled observers and historians. The development of public opinion was basic. The personal pacifism of President Hoover was doubtless influential. The Hoover administration was divided between internationalists led by Stimson, who advocated the new policies as steps towards full cooperation with the League of Nations, and imperialists who wished to checkmate Japan as a trade rival and to sacrifice the small gains of direct intervention in the Caribbean republics for the sake of large gains in Latin American good will and trade. Roosevelt and Hull, like Stimson, regarded the new policies as minimum steps. But these renovations of foreign policy passed almost unnoticed by the public at large as the depression caused painful absorption in domestic affairs. The Hoover administration, with its gift for boring the public, had failed to dramatize the issues. Roosevelt, after he was elected President and before he was inaugurated, found in the Stimson Doctrine the only area in which he could cooperate with the outgoing administration. He promised Stimson to maintain his policy and confirmed the promise in a public statement. 2 This connection was the only one Roosevelt was willing to establish with the Hoover administration after the bitter election campaign, and it is symbolic of continuity in favour of collective securi

Estonia in Transition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Estonia in Transition - Assignment Example As the discussion declares, along with the aforementioned developments, Estonia progressed so rapidly since the nation was once in a while utilized as a test showcase for new advances by associations for example Erickson and Nokia while the countrys IT and telecom bunches were the quickest developing among the Baltic countries. The issue that Estonia was confronting in 2002 was that albeit Estonias success, its prospect for daily life stayed far underneath other European countries, and unemployment remained elevated. Despite the fact that leaders in business and government decidedly supported promotion to the EU, sentiment reviews in late 2001 exhibited that less than 40 percent of Estonians might vote energetic about it. Thirdly, Estonia was facing a shortfall of highly qualified labor and labor costs were also heightening by 2002. Further, despite the development in telecom sector, vast majority of Estonian households still could not afford ISDN or ADSL connections in 2002. The Estonia financial businesses, as in the majority of the transition countries, banks played the overwhelming part in the rather underdeveloped financial institutions. The Estonia government should parity the growth between bank and other financial institutions. Next to that, competitive advancement and all the developments in high- tech sectors should be guarded since it is the main source of sustained development in Estonia. Estonia government additionally should expand the exports sector. In resentment of solid economic development, unemployment stayed at 13% and youth is still facing challenges in finding vocations or accessing professional training. Staff deficiencies are faced by certain sectors because of constrained geological and expertise portability. Indeed, the government needs to heighten more FDIs and ensures more avenues for employment in the country especially for the fixed income of older population. Finally, government budget should also be directed to improve the average standard of living of the country.

Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Marketing - Essay Example The web sites chosen are the online book stores of firstandecond.com, amazon.com, barnesandnoble.com, and oxfordbookstore.com. These web sites have been chosen as to provide a wider perspective of online stores, since it incorporates the pioneer and the leader of online book stores amazon.com, a large publishing house in Barnes and Noble, a medium online retailer in Oxford Books, and a small book reseller in firstandsecond.com. The diversification of product range in the website of Amazon.com is wide, so that the website no longer resembles an online book seller, but an online store that caters to books, entertainment products and a range of other products. In a similar manner there is product diversification with Barnes and Noble into entertainment products. On the other hand there is no product diversification with Oxford Books and firstandsecond.com. Due to the product diversification in with Amazon.com and Barnes and Noble, there is more clustering in the main page of the website, and so the design of the website Oxford Books or firstansdsecond.com for product display is more suitable for the web site to be developed. In both these sites the central section of the first page carries product promotion message and below that are clear images of the products on offer, with a peel in facility for more details on the products, which includes the price. This enables a customer to get more information on the range of products available before exercising a buy option. On the left are options that enable a customer to gain more insight into the company, its history and policies and the like. On the right side of the first page are promotion information like promotional offers on products, new arrivals and specific topics on which books are available. In all these web sites the option for multiple purchases exists and so there is a shopping cart to which the products chosen can be added and the list of

Encountering the Book of Romans by Douglas Moo Literature review

Encountering the Book of Romans by Douglas Moo - Literature review Example Most bible scholars identify the major books they need to major on and proceed to get the necessary information on where to base their studies. Douglas Moo in the book, Encountering the Book of Romans, has simplified the work of most populace by addressing the book of Romans in the Bible. Throughout the history of religion in general, the book has had an interest to scholars and the foundation of the Roman Catholic faith is based on the name. Researchers, therefore, have little to do but need to get to the shops and obtain the one important link to the study and an in depth look as well as a proper analysis of the book of Romans as described. The book was published On December 2002 by the Baker publishing group and has had various sales whose range is close to four hundred thousand. The basics of the writings are clear, concise, and the message is to all parties seeking to know about the letter of Paul to the Romans. The book is not one to pass by on the counter especially the theolo gical readers and scholars, and like most well written books, this one is a great self-discovery adventure. The cover page is well printed with an advance picture of a building which most people would view as an old fashioned empire church. The imprints are bold presumably to depict the importance of the contemporary writing and what is actually contained inside. The creation is set to encounter the bible studies especially with a great concentration on the book of Romans and the impact of the writings therein to a moderate reader. Douglas J. Moo is a PhD holder in the University of St. Andrews and has a wide knowledge on theological issues. He is a Blanchard Professor of New Testament at Wheaton College and also the author to various books and commentaries on biblical writings such as the books of Judges, 2 Peter, Jude and James. Based on his academic circle and knowledge, the lecturer has provide a book worth reading and one that leaves those who come across it fulfilled and havin g a quest for more. Over the years, many theorists have raised questions on just what intended and what he had in mind regarding how the book of Romans is to be read. Moo has simplified this and has given guidelines especially to scholars and students with regard to the ancient letter and provided the basis for contemporary debates. The theme of the book centres on the gospel of Christ Jesus and in writing the book, the author has a purpose to help create an identity to the Roman Christians and help them understand their history of salvation chain. The structure of the book is centred on the letter, and the author shows key aspects such as the introduction which shows a proper understanding of the book based on the first century (Moo, 2002, p.7). Other issues discussed include the prevailing events during the life of Paul and also the situations in the lives of the proceeding readers. In this context, the author bases his study on two approaches including the reformation and the new perspective approach which are grounds for interpretation of the letter. Scholars thus need to decide which approach to use and which best suits their learning needs as the two provide different ways of interpretation. The book is segmented, with each segment further split into well-defined topics for easy navigation and access of study material. The broad networking has made it even available for study and print in the world through website and shops. The contents of the book are well aligned with the contents of the prevailing chapters flowing from the preceding. Moo lays the groundwork for reading the ancient book and provides the arguments that the book

Health epidemiology & statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health epidemiology & statistics - Essay Example n the course of analysis, the researchers can see whether the variables in a given site have less absenteeism as well as lower health costs as compared to non-wellness sites (Stotmeyer. Et. Al 2010). The outcomes are restricted based on the co-relational study nature. While the study focuses on pre-existing groups, there are other differences within the groups above the absence or presence of a dependent variable. For instance, the programs are significantly newer and more attractive building for purposes of managing elements from a given program site. The ultimate research technique decision is made based on a compromise between the sites due to presence and absence of dependent and independent variables. The study specifies the research question through a well-stated objective. The study reports on the hypothesis. The hypothesis in the research study is directional and complex. The study progresses to test the hypothesis through stipulated parameters. One of the major challenges of the process is foreign elements hindering success in the sampling process. Elements that are not included in the article’s population and samples are seen on the sampling list. If the authors were to apply population records in creating a comprehensive list of participants experiencing the conditions, the health care professionals would qualify as foreign elements (Stotmeyer. Et. Al 2010). In such case, the report decoding could miss various elements. Further, duplicates are a representation of other research sampling problem. Such elements appear several times within the sampling frames. For instance, if researchers study patient satisfaction based on emergency room care giving, the authors may in clude various patients based on various studies. If patients complete patient satisfaction questionnaires, the authors should ensure that they have increased awareness that the completed questionnaires should not be redone. Where the questionnaires are completed more than twice, the second

Encountering the Book of Romans by Douglas Moo Literature review

Encountering the Book of Romans by Douglas Moo - Literature review Example Most bible scholars identify the major books they need to major on and proceed to get the necessary information on where to base their studies. Douglas Moo in the book, Encountering the Book of Romans, has simplified the work of most populace by addressing the book of Romans in the Bible. Throughout the history of religion in general, the book has had an interest to scholars and the foundation of the Roman Catholic faith is based on the name. Researchers, therefore, have little to do but need to get to the shops and obtain the one important link to the study and an in depth look as well as a proper analysis of the book of Romans as described. The book was published On December 2002 by the Baker publishing group and has had various sales whose range is close to four hundred thousand. The basics of the writings are clear, concise, and the message is to all parties seeking to know about the letter of Paul to the Romans. The book is not one to pass by on the counter especially the theolo gical readers and scholars, and like most well written books, this one is a great self-discovery adventure. The cover page is well printed with an advance picture of a building which most people would view as an old fashioned empire church. The imprints are bold presumably to depict the importance of the contemporary writing and what is actually contained inside. The creation is set to encounter the bible studies especially with a great concentration on the book of Romans and the impact of the writings therein to a moderate reader. Douglas J. Moo is a PhD holder in the University of St. Andrews and has a wide knowledge on theological issues. He is a Blanchard Professor of New Testament at Wheaton College and also the author to various books and commentaries on biblical writings such as the books of Judges, 2 Peter, Jude and James. Based on his academic circle and knowledge, the lecturer has provide a book worth reading and one that leaves those who come across it fulfilled and havin g a quest for more. Over the years, many theorists have raised questions on just what intended and what he had in mind regarding how the book of Romans is to be read. Moo has simplified this and has given guidelines especially to scholars and students with regard to the ancient letter and provided the basis for contemporary debates. The theme of the book centres on the gospel of Christ Jesus and in writing the book, the author has a purpose to help create an identity to the Roman Christians and help them understand their history of salvation chain. The structure of the book is centred on the letter, and the author shows key aspects such as the introduction which shows a proper understanding of the book based on the first century (Moo, 2002, p.7). Other issues discussed include the prevailing events during the life of Paul and also the situations in the lives of the proceeding readers. In this context, the author bases his study on two approaches including the reformation and the new perspective approach which are grounds for interpretation of the letter. Scholars thus need to decide which approach to use and which best suits their learning needs as the two provide different ways of interpretation. The book is segmented, with each segment further split into well-defined topics for easy navigation and access of study material. The broad networking has made it even available for study and print in the world through website and shops. The contents of the book are well aligned with the contents of the prevailing chapters flowing from the preceding. Moo lays the groundwork for reading the ancient book and provides the arguments that the book

Implementation Plan for the Solution Personal Statement

Implementation Plan for the Solution - Personal Statement Example Blais (2002) argues that â€Å"changes in power structure are particularly difficult to manage† (p.  24). The Corporate Compliance Officer will encourage a collaborative effort from all management personnel to ensure the objective of this project proposal is met. A weekly formal written report shall be done to document the weekly initiatives taken to address concerns during the weekly meetings. Managers report to the Compliance Officer the progress of their staff training. Before proceeding with the implementation of the proposal, it should gain the approval of the organizational Board of Directors. Such proposal shall be reviewed every 90 days. The Board will meet for two sessions in the duration of the project. The preliminary proposed project is designed to last for six months after which, a request for permanent approval will be sought from the Board of Directors. At the start of the project, information on the organization’s customer service will be collected from many sources on a weekly basis. Evidenced-based practice together with the basic scorecard will be utilized ( see appendix A) in the promotion of quality services across the organization, within many departments promoting quality customer services. The sources of information will include referral process; self-administered questionnaires that will be distributed to members, family, and the guardians or other parties responsible for the care of the member receiving services; medical records; management systems; and internal processes used by management. This information will be collected and analyzed weekly by the different responsible managers. The QAPI committee as a whole will review and analyze all data monthly. All data will be assessed using quality indicators identified in the BSC and CARF Quality Indicators.  

Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

Catholic Church Essay Dorothy Day was a journalist, social activist, and a devout Catholic and preacher of the Catholic way of life. In her later years, she also became a preacher of the nonviolent way of living. She started a newspaper, the Catholic Worker to teach the Catholic way of life to people. She led a movement of noncooperation and civil disobedience to teach pacifism to the people. In this essay, I am going to discuss the life and work of Dorothy Day. Dorothy Day was an American journalist and social activist, who was also a staunch Catholic and a devotee of Catholic way of life. She was born on November 8, 1897 in Brooklyn, New York. Day started her career as a reporter in a newspaper. In November 1917, Day went to prison for protesting for women’s suffrage. She had a common-law marriage in 1924 from which she had a daughter in 1997. Her marriage ended by this time. By this time, Day had a strong unshakeable belief in God and the Catholic Church. On December 28, 1927 she joined the Catholic Church. She tried to bring together her religious beliefs and her radical thinking. In December 1932, she met Peter Maurin who was a devout Catholic with whom she had a common-law marriage. He envisioned a future in which society would be based on the social values of the Gospel. They decided to start a newspaper that would promote Catholic ideals and transform the society to adopt these ideals. They started the paper, the Catholic Worker, on May 1, 1933. The paper met with instant success. The paper’s circulation increased to 100,000 copies by December. In the paper, Maurin called for a renewal in the Christian practices of hospitality to strangers. Day and Maurin began providing shelter to homeless people in several houses. By 1936, the Catholic Worker had assumed the proportions of a national movement. They set up several farming communes (Forest). Day was also a staunch advocate of pacifism. Throughout the Second World War, Day preached pacifism and nonviolence. She maintained her stand during the Civil War in Spain, World War II, and the Vietnam war. Her supporters refused to cooperate in the war against Vietnam or to be conscripted. When the hydrogen bomb was being tested and there were civil defense drills, she refused to cooperate with the drills and was jailed several times. Day was honored for her achievements by the Church. She died in 1980. The Vatican has approved a process, which may canonize Dorothy Day as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church (Forest). References Forest, Jim. A Biography of Dorothy Day. Catholic Worker Home Page. Retrieved October 20, 2008 from http://www. catholicworker. com/ddaybio. htm

Bridge expansion joints †performance and materials

Bridge expansion joints – performance and materials 1.1 Introduction Expansion joints are used in bridges to allow movements like expansion and contraction between the bridge deck spans and abutments. These movements are caused due to temperature, soil settlements, vehicle acceleration and other reasons (Klaiber, et al., 1987 and Dagher, et al., 1993 as cited in Thippeswamy, 2002). Expansion joints are subjected to severe loading due to the direct impact of the wheels. They are a very important component of a bridge structure and if carefully designed, properly installed and reasonably maintained will give a trouble free performance for many years. Though joints are made of various materials like rubber, silicone and polymer they deteriorate since they are constantly exposed to impact, vibration of traffic and natural elements like water, dust, ultra violet rays and ozone (Chang Lee 2002). The durability of expansion joints is a major concern to bridge owners. The maintenance cost of joints is relatively high than the initial cost .This led to the de sign of jointless bridges. Jointless bridges do not develop stress due to corrosion of joints, accumulation of debris and differential elevation of joints (Thippeswamy, 2002). The behaviour of the jointless bridges not known and the designs being complicated are not implemented in spite of their advantages. This literature review deals with: characteristics of a good expansion joint that must be noted while design a joint, defects observed in expansion joints, survey studies conducted on existing joints to study their behaviour and some manufactures of bridge expansion joints in the industry. Studies on improving the performance of expansion joints is conducted, research on reducing the cost of maintenance of the joints should be conducted. 1.2 Characteristics of a good expansion joint A bridge expansion joint for proper functioning must have the ability to: accommodate movements in vertical and horizontal direction; withstand applied loads; resist skid and corrosion; operate silently with less maintenance (Lee, 1994). Price (1984) suggests that the performance of a joint is influenced by structural movements of the joint in horizontal and vertical direction, traffic loading, materials used, condition of the substrate, weather and temperature during joint installation, workmanship and performance of bearings. 1.3 Commonly observed joint defects Guzaltan (1993) as cited in (Chang Lee 2002) studied some commonly observed defects in expansion joints. They include damaged seals, accumulation of debris in the joint components, rusting of metal plates and nuts, cracking of concrete, corrosion of steel reinforcement, water leakage, improper joint alignment and joint vibration during vehicle passage. Fincher (1983) as cited in (Chang Lee 2002) presents the results of a survey conducted by Federal Highway Administration during a five year evaluation period which demonstrated that 60% of the expansion joints examined leaked. Additionally, Wallbank (1989) as cited in (Lee, 1994) explains that in a survey conducted on two hundred bridges by The London Department of Transport, the deterioration of the expansion joints was caused due to leaking and faulty drainage details. Chang and Lee (2002) conducted a study to observe the performance of joints in Indiana and found that some joints failed due to cracks in the seal and suggested test ing it before installation. Fault tree modelling was used for qualitative explanation of bridge element interaction but could be used only for catastrophic failures (Attoh- Okine Bowers 2006). These models are not applicable to bridges since they fail over an extended period of time. Fault tree models were also prepared by LeBeau and Wadia-Fascetti (2000) and Sianipar and Adams (1997) as cited in (Attoh- Okine Bowers 2006). A new deterioration modelling based on belief networks that effectively capture and illustrate the hierarchical, interaction and uncertainty factors present in bridge deterioration was developed by Attoh- Okine and Bowers (2006). Belief networks are also called Bayesian belief networks and are based on Bayes theory. The belief network approach is more appropriate than fault tree analysis since it can be used to investigate the components of a bridge including deck material, girders, bearings and abutments have a great influence on deterioration. 1.4 Studies conducted on the performance of existing expansion joints Chang and Lee (2002) conducted a study to observe the performance of the different joints used in the highway bridges in Indiana. Five popularly used joints were: compression seal (B.S), strip seal (S.S), integral abutment (I.A), poured silicone (X.J.S) and polymer modified asphalt (P.M.A). The data was obtained from questionnaire survey, analysis of Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) roadway management data and expert interviews. Questionnaire survey was conducted by giving questionnaires to the state bridge inspectors and engineers around Indiana. The problems with joints were encountered and possible improvements were suggested. The analysis of historical data using logistic regression approach found that S.S joint had the best performance. The expert interviews consider I.A joint to offer good results and suggest improvement of B.S and S.S joints. An inspection campaign was conducted on 150 expansion joints of 71 road bridges in Brisa, Portugal where the maintenance cos t reached a peak of 25% (Lima Brito 2009). The joints installed within the traffic lane of the bridge were considered. The expansion joints were characterised based on their type, and age of the bridge. It was recorded that the joints used more frequently included reinforced elastomeric cushion joints, elastomeric flexible strips, and asphaltic plug joints. The data obtained from the inspection campaign was statistically analysed. The results showed that joints that were replaced mostly frequently were elastomeric joints and that different joints have specific maintenance needs. The transition strip and the anchorage cavities of the expansion joint are the parts that require more maintenance. It was also observed that the errors during installation and lack of maintenance caused pathology of the joint. The results of campaign conducted show that there was a lot of improvement in the commercial expansion joints and suggests investigation on the new or improved systems and materials. It also suggested that simple systems with fewer components are more reliable and require less maintenance. Asphalt bridge expansion joints when used in cold countries cracked within the first two years. To improve the performance the commercial MEIJIA asphalt binder was modified with polymers: thermoplastic rubber and rubber (Yu, et al., 2009). The polymers were used in various combinations, and their performance at low temperatures is evaluated by conducting tests including: ductility, penetration, indirect tension and bending tests. The data from ductility and penetration tests performed on binders indicated that the strength and deformation capacity at low temperatures improved. Four expansion joints made with the modified asphalt mixtures were installed on two bridges in a cold region and found that the joints showed good performance. 1.5 Assessment of expansion joint performance using monitored data A study was conducted by to develop a procedure for verification of the design and evaluating the condition of expansion joint by monitoring joint displacement and bridge temperature on a long term (Ni, et al., 2002). This method was applied to Ting Kau, cable stayed bridge in Hong Kong. The service life and replacement of joint depends on the cumulative displacement. An accurate prediction of the cumulative displacement will provide the time interval for joint inspection or joint replacement. Monitoring the thermal movements at the expansion joints and comparing them with the design values provide verification on design. The whole system had more than 230 sensors like anemometers, accelerometers, displacements transducters to measure displacements located at the ends of the deck, temperature sensors, strain gauges, weight in motion sensors and global positioning system. A good correlation between the movement of the expansion joints and effective temperature was observed. The daily average cumulative displacements of the expansion joints in the bridge are much less than design values. Additionally monitoring systems had been implemented on many bridges in different countries by (Andersen Pedersen 1994; Cheung et al. 1997; Barrish et al. 2000; Sumitro et al. 2001; Mufti 2002; Koh et al. 2003; Wong 2004) as cited in (Ni et al. 2002). 1.6 Effect of SSI and ground motion spatial variation Chouw and Hao (2008(a)) studied the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) and ground motion spatial variation effect on bridge pounding responses for bridges with a traditional expansion joint between adjacent girders. The study was conducted on two adjacent bridge frames. It was confirmed that structures that are built on stiff soils may experience larger pounding forces than those on soft soils. It was also examined that decrease of ground motion correlation caused larger pounding responses. Numerical simulation was conducted by nonlinear dynamic response analysis and investigated pounding mitigation and prevention of unseating in the highway bridges due to seismic forces (Raheem, 2009). It was observed that seismic pounding generates significantly higher magnitude and short duration acceleration pulses than typically assumed design magnitude. This results in severe impact forces that damage structural members like the deck or pier. Additionally the effects of SSI and bridge pounding response for bridges with modular expansion joint system (MEJS) were observed (Chouw Hao 2008(b)). It was concluded that the girders with a large gap of a MEJS caused stronger impact forces. It was found that significance of nonuniform ground motions depends on the properties of the ground motions, subsoil and the structures. 1.7 Types of Expansion Joints 1.7.1 Selection of joint type The type of joint is selected depending on the movement expected for serviceability limit state. More than one type of joint may be suitable for a particular range of movement. The movement range that should not be exceeded for each expansion joint is given in Table 1. Table 1. Selection of joint type (Department of Transport, 1989) Joint Type Total acceptable longitudinal movement Maximum acceptable vertical movement (mm) Maximum (mm) Minimum(mm) Buried Joint under continuous surfacing 5 20 1.3 Asphaltic plug joint 5 40 3 Nosing joint with poured sealant 5 12 3 Nosing with preformed compression seal 5 40 3 Reinforced Elastomeric 5 * 3 Elastomeric in metal runners 5 * 3 Cantilever comb or tooth joint 25 * 3 * Maximum value varies according to manufacturer or joint type 1.7.2 Modular bridge expansion joint Modular expansion joint is used when the joint movement exceeds 100mm.The modular expansion joint has many advantages including: water-tightness, corrosion protection, great potential as they increase the life of concrete and steel bridges (Crocetti Edlund 2003), greater movements in translation and rotation. It can accommodate the three dimensional movements without generating additional stresses or strains in the load-bearing members or in adjacent bridge or abutment structures. 1.7.2.1 Noise generation in a modular expansion joint The traffic generates more noise on bridges than on roads, as sound is produced on the top and bottom of the deck. The noise generated from a modular expansion joint under vehicle passage is louder than those of ordinary expansion joints (Ravshanovich, et al., 2007). The mechanism of noise generation for a modular bridge expansion joint which causes noise pollution was studied by conducting tests on a full scale model of a joint. A series of car-running experiments were conducted on the joint and studied its noise and vibration characteristics. A modal analysis of the joint is performed using finite element modelling. It was observed that the frequency of the noise generated above the joint varies from 500 to 800Hz due to sudden change in air pressure within the gap formed by rubber sealing with the middle beams. The frequency is less than 200Hz below the joint caused by the sound radiation due to the bending vibration modes of the middle beams being excited by an impact force from t he car wheels. Likewise a numerical investigation was conducted on a modular expansion joint of an expressway bridge to understand the generation and radiation mechanism (Ghimire, et al., 2009). The numerical analysis was conducted using finite element method. 1.7.2.2 Performance of Modular expansion joint Modular joints have the ability to cope with large thermal expansion and contraction of large bridges (Chouw Hao 2008(b)). They are capable of preventing girder pounding during strong earthquakes. A complex joint was modelled to study the dynamic response of a modular bridge expansion joint (Crocetti and Edmund, 2003). The vertical loads perpendicular to the roadway plane were considered. Horizontal loads were eliminated since the excitation mechanism was sophisticated and the behaviour of the joint in the horizontal direction was stochastic in character. A single fatigue test was performed. Data from the field tests including measurement of wheel load distribution factors, horizontal and vertical wheel loads, determination of damping and natural frequencies were obtained from Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The result of the fatigue test conducted agreed with the S-N curve plotted for welded connection between the support bar and the centre beam suggested by Dexter, et al. (1997) cited in (Crocetti Edmund 2003). Additionally an experimental investigation was performed to study the fatigue performance of a welded multiple support bar modular bridge expansion joint (Chaallal, 2006). The welded multiple support bar modular bridge expansion joint was used in the rehabilitation of Jacques Cartier Bridge in Montreal. The vertical and horizontal loads were considered unlike (Crocetti Edmund 2003) which is more practical since the expansion joints are subjected to both vertical and horizontal loads. Experimental tests were conducted on three subassemblies of the modular joint for various loads and S-N curve was plotted. 1.8 Manufacturers of Expansion joints 1.8.1 The Bridge Joint Association Bridge Joint Association (BJA) prepares standards and current practice sheets. It comprises of manufacturers and installers of bridge expansion joints which include: ASL CONTRACTS LTD, FREYSSINET LTD, GRACE CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS LTD, Highways Maintenance Specialists LTD and MAURER LTD (Bridge Joint Association, 2009). 1.8.2 Watson Bowman Acme Corporation Watson Bowman Acme Corporation (WBA) found in 1950 isa recognized innovator in the development and manufacture of expansion joint controlsystems. Some of the joints manufactured by WBA include: Wabo ®Crete SiliconeSeal This is a high performance expansion joint system that uti ­lizes a two-part sealant between elastomeric concrete headers made of Wabo ®Crete II capable of absorbing impact loads. The headers are coupled with Wabo ®SiliconeSeal make it an ideal expansion joint system that is adopted in the industry for new construction or repair of existing joints. Wabo ®Crete II elastomeric concrete is widely used in header applications for bridges and parking structures. Polyurethane is used in the header material to minimize edge spalling associated with high impact loads while achieving superior bonding capabilities. The Wabo ®SiliconeSeal is a cold applied self levelling sealant requires no priming which simplifies acceler ­ates the installation process. Wabo ®Crete SiliconeSeal system is licensed under US Patent No 5.190.395. This joint is adopted for applications with a maximum movement range of +100% / -50% of the joint gap (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007) . Wabo ®Crete FlexFoam This is an armorless expansion joint system that is designed with closed-cell foam joint seal installed with epoxy adhesive between an impact absorbing elastomeric concrete header. The high impact absorbing, ambient cured and self-levelling properties of the Wabo ®Crete II joint header allows for the joint system to mono ­lithically bond to the deck creating a watertight system. Using an elastomeric concrete joint header achieving superior bonding ca ­pabilities and minimizing edge spalling (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®Expandex This is a flexible asphaltic plug joint system designed to accommodate minimum structure movement while providing a smooth transition between the ap ­proach pavement and the bridge deck. Wabo ®Expandex is used typically at abut ­ments or asphalt overlays due to its unique asphalt compatibility. The system combines the use of a traffic bearing plate with special aggregate reinforced modified elastomeric material (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Jeene ® This joint system comprises of a neoprene profile, which is air-pressurized and bonded in place with a specially formulated epoxy ad ­hesive. With properly installation, the Jeene ® joint system will not tear away, protrude out of, or slip from its original position on exposure to repeated mechanical or thermal movements. Complete adhesion of the epoxy to the profile and joint wall is achieved due to the air inflation during installation. Jeene ® is the most durable, versatile, cost-effective and watertight expansion joint (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®HSeal This is a pre-compressed elastomeric coated expansion joint system de ­signed to provide a permanent weather tight seal. The system is sealed in place with an epoxy, which allows it to accommodate horizontal, vertical, and skew expansion joint movements. Wabo ®HSeal consists of a micro-cell, stable to UV, polyurethane foam impregnated with a hydrophobic polymer and topped with a traffic grade elastomeric coating. The im ­pregnated foam provides a valuable secondary water tight seal in case the primary elastomeric coating is damaged. This system is supplied in pre-compressed sticks for easy installation (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®Flex This is a molded rubber cushion expansion joint which is designed to accommodate structure movements from 2 inches up to 13 inches. In Wabo ®Flex system the molded rubber cushions are steel reinforced and imbedded with corrosion-resistant aluminium wear plates. Tongue and grooves at the end of each rubber cush ­ion ensure a watertight connection and prevent uplift or separation (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®TransFlex This is an original reinforced elastomeric molded rubber expansion joint system. All sections feature tongue and groove fittings for tight end-to-end mating across decks and at curbs and are steel reinforced. It can be installed in new decks, or in older structures on rehabilitation projects. These joint systems readily adapt to skew angles. Wabo ®TransFlex system will accommodate anticipated thermal movements reject debris and create a level, smooth-riding, wear-resistant surface if properly installed (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal This is a pre-compressed elastomeric coated ex ­pansion joint system that works under its own constant internal pressure to provide a weather resistant seal. The system contains an open-cell foam seal im ­pregnated with a hydrophobic polymer sealing compound. Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal can be used on applications which cause simple thermal movements or on applications where seismic movement is anticipated. The Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal system is recommended for use on all in ­terior and exterior wall, ceiling and soffit expansion joint applications (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). The joint systems manufactured by Watson Bowman Acme Corporation are compared as shown in Table 2, with respect to their features and their recommended area of implementation. Table 2: Comparison between the various joints manufactured by WBA. Joint Features Recommended for Wabo ®Crete SiliconeSeal Watertight system, rapid installation, Cold applied, Expansion joint applications with a maximum movement range of +100% / -50% of the joint gap Horizontal expansion joint applications on bridges and highways. Wabo ®Crete FlexFoam Accommodates movement cycle through compression and tension, Minimizes dirt or debris accumulation Horizontal expansion joint applications on bridges and interstate highways. Wabo ®Expandex. Provides smooth riding surface, can be milled or planed during resurfacing operations, joint openings with movements up to +/- 0.75 at time of installation Sealing joints on secondary highway bridge structures. Joint Features Recommended for Jeene ® . Accommodates forces associated with multi-directional movements, resists hydrostatic pressure, Accommodates thermal movement Sealing joints on bridges roadways and tunnels. Wabo ®HSeal Can accommodate horizontal, vertical and skew expansion joint movements, easy installation Sealing joints on bridges, sound wall barriers Wabo ®Flex maximum friction, prevents debris accumulation, reduces deflection under traffic load ­ing, maximum movement of 13 inches Bridge decks and ramps, Low height joint sealing restrictions Wabo ®TransFlex Watertight connection, prevent uplift or separation maximum movement of 13 inches Low height joint sealing restrictions bridges, decks and ramps Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal seismic movement capability, weather resistant, self-expanding non-laminated construction, accommodates movement up to +/- 50% Stadiums, parking garages, Replacing failed joints 1.8.3 Universal Sealants Limited Universal Sealants limited (USL) focuses on construction of bridges, tunnels, rail and other major structures. It manufactures supplies and installs specialist construction products including: bridge expansion joints; membranes for bridge deck waterproofing; protective coatings; concrete repair and car park refurbishment work. Some expansion joints offered by USL include: Uniflex expansion joints This system uses a butyl rubber membrane, bonded to the concrete and asphalt surfaces with Uniflex epoxy adhesive to provide an efficient and permanent joint that is easily installed. The system accommodates a variety of conditions from those experienced on an asphalt-covered traffic-free roof, to bridge decks with sheet membrane, spray on coating or asphalt waterproofing, also it can be used with two layer mastic asphalt or brick paving systems. The Uniflex system is chemically inert and completely impervious to water and water vapour. In buried joints the membrane is completely protected by the wearing surface. Uniflex membrane will not deteriorate during its service and the combination of a simple design and proven components makes the system naturally long-lasting and well up to the requirements of modern building and civil engineering practice (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Febajoint This joint is fully registered with the Highways Agency, Scottish Executive and Welsh Assembley (BD 33/94: Joint Type 2) suitable for all class roads and motorways. The joint is nominally 500mm wide and not less than 100mm deep which will provide optimum movement capacity of +/- 20mm. The materials are applied hot and in a fluid condition, with temperatures up to 180 °C. Careful considerations should be made by the engineer before using this joint. Binder compounds use thermoplastic materials which contain polymer modified bitumen, mineral fillers and chemical additives (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). FEBA HM expansion joints The system is fully registered with the UK Highways Agency for type 2 application. It is a high modulus flexible, waterproof asphaltic plug joint. The main feature of this system includes a resistance to wheel tracking. This joint is suitable for a maximum horizontal design movement of  ±20mm. The FEBA HM system should be considered in places of high traffic volumes, constant standing traffic or heavy loading. The materials are applied hot and in fluid condition, with temperatures up to 180 °C. Binder compounds are classified as thermoplastic materials and contain polymer modified bitumen, mineral fillers and chemical additives (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Nosing Joint (NJ) system This joint system is an ideal for maintenance situations and has been developed to provide a whole life economic solution for applications where asphalt plug joints are unsuitable and is registered with the UK Highways Agency, The Scottish Executive and Welsh Assembly. A surface mounted nosing joint with an elastomeric insert bonded to the rapid curing elastomeric compound known as Britflex ® Resin Mortar (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). The Transflex, Waboflex and Euroflex These joints are registered with the UK Highways Agency, the Scottish Executive and the Welsh Assembly for use on highway bridge decks (BD 33/94: Joint Type 5). These joints are reinforced elastomeric comprising of steel angles and a steel bridging plate system encased in a flexible elastomer. The movements that can be accommodated vary from 38mm to 330mm in structures including: All types of highway structures, car park decks, footbridges and podium decks (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). The Britflex ® BEJ Expansion Joint These joints are registered with the UK Highways Agency, Scottish Executive and Welsh Assembley for use on bridge decks on all classes of roads and motorways. (Department of Transport BD33/94: Joint Type 6). This system is ideal for maintenance projects where there is a need to replace failed systems. The major benefit of this system is its speed of assembly on-site (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Londitudinal Joint (LJ) system This system has been developed to provide an effective method of sealing longitudinal expansion gaps and soffits. This joint accommodates both longitudinal and vertical movement and also provides a substantially watertight seal. The LJ joint system can be used as a waterproof cover joint or as a drainage channel under joint with the facility to install drainage outlets into the system (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Table 3: Comparison between the various joints manufactured by USL. Joint Type Features Uniflex Expansion Joints Type 1-Buried joint under continuous surfacing Impervious to water and water vapour, long-lasting, simple design Joint Type Features Febajoints Type 2-Asphaltic Plug joint Provides optimum movement capacity of +/- 20mm, joint for use on highway bridges FEBA HM Expansion Joints Type 2-High Modulus Asphaltic Plug joint Can accommodate impact loads, maximum horizontal design movement of  ±20mm Nosing Joint system Type 4-Nosing with preformed compression seal Rapid Installation, No drilling of deck, can only be used in the situation where the gap at carriageway level does not exceed 65mm. Transflex, Waboflex and Euroflex Expansion Joints Type 5-Reinforced Elastomeric Accommodating movement from 38mm to 330mm. used for car park decks, footbridges, podium deck. Britflex ® BEJ Expansion Joints Type 6-Elastomeric in metal runners Rapid on site assembly, less future maintenance costs, easy to install Longitudinal Joints Longitudinal Joint System can accommodate both longitudinal and vertical movement, rapid installation, low maintenance, cost effective , watertight seal 1.8.4 Stirling Lloyd Stirling Lloyd specialise in the development, manufacture and application of high-performance waterproofing and structural protection membranes and systems. They deal with road and rail bridge decks and tunnels, to commercial building developments, car parks and highway maintenance solutions. Some of the joints manufactured by Stirling Lloyd include: Sentinel ® B This joint consists of a PVC flashing strip designed for various movement ranges. The flashing is bonded across the expansion gap and incorporated into the Eliminator ® water proofing system to form a continous waterproofing detail below

Inside Every Modern Computer O :: essays research papers

Inside every modern computer or other data-processing wonder is a microprocessor bearing millions of transistors sculpted from silicon y chemicals and light. Silicon, the second most abundant element on Earth, is used extensively in transistors, integrated circuits, photoelectric devices, and other electronic devices. A pure crystal of silicon does not conduct electricity unless traces of other substances are diffused or doped onto it. Therefore silicon must be manufactured in a specific way in order for it to yield electrons for a current. All manufacturing of silicon takes place in a "clean room" which is an area where each one foot cube of air must contain fewer than 1000 tiny specks of dust and zero humidity. The temperature is maintained at a constant 68 degrees Fahrenheit and all workers have to wear coats, gloves, masks, and overshoes. This is necessary because even one dust particle or water droplet can ruin a batch of chip production. The manufacturing of a silicon chip starts when silica, the main component of sand, is heated with carbon which makes 98 percent pure silicon. This is then dissolved in hydrochloric acid. The resulting liquid is fractionally distilled to separate almost all of the impurities.The remaining liquid is then heated in a hydrogen tmosphere, which produces the purest silicon possible. This silicon, however, is in the form of many crystals of different sizes and orientations. This silicon goes through the Czochralski pulled crystal process in which it is melted in a large crucible into which a probe, tipped with a small seed crystal is immersed. Silicon atoms attach themselves to the seed in perfect alignment with its structure while it is rotated and pulled slowly upward. The seed grows into a three foot long, cylindrical, single crystal. Silicon this pure is hard, dark grey in color and lusterous. The giant crystal of silicon is next ground into a perfect cylinder, which is sliced by a diamond-tipped saw into wafers 1 mm thick. Using particles one-tenth of a micrometer wide, the faces of these wafers are polished to give a smooth base onto which up to two hundred dentical chips can simultaneously be photo-etched. The base of the chip is next doped with small traces of boron. First the silicon base is coated with a layer of insulating silicon dioxide and photoresist, a light-sensitive material. This hardens only where ultraviolet light, projected through a mask, strikes it. The chip is immersed in solvent to wash away the soft resist shielded by the mask.

International Financial System Essay

There are some assumptions that the United States faces different economic â€Å"reality† than the rest of the world. The speech given by Governor R. S. Kroszner given on September 1, 2008 is about the United States in the International Financial System. He argued â€Å"against the decoupling hypothesis† and talked about the â€Å"two puzzles in the international financial accounts† of the United States. The situation with the housing slowdown in the United States in the summer of 2007 affected also European money markets. It became harder to sell the houses for their original prices. â€Å"Then turmoil emerged in financial systems around the world in the late summer of 2007. † The mortgages taken in the United States were backed with another loans like car loans or student loans and then reinvested again. A lot of foreign investors bought those securities that created difficulties in money markets in Europe. At the beginning of 2008, the financial system in the United States weakened the growth of gross domestic product and affected many emerging markets economies, reducing their growth and prospects for growth. Stock market declined sharply. The food and energy prices increased, and it created a concern of inflation. In other words, Governor wants to show that there is a connection between economies of different countries. It appears that a shock of one country is affecting the economy of many others. According to him, â€Å"the global economy remains closely connected by both trade and financial linkages. † He summed up in short that â€Å"one country’s imports are another’s exports. † The weakness in one economy affects the demand for the imported products that are the stimulus for the economy of the other country which exports these products. Financial account which consists of purchases and sales of assets is a major account. â€Å"Global Financial linkages include not only the net international investment positions but also the sizes of gross cross-border claims and liabilities positions. † There are enormous investments made by US residents and by foreigners. According to Kroszner, â€Å"US liabilities to foreigners totaled more than $20 trillion, exceeding $140 percent of US GDP. US claims on foreigners totaled $17. 5 trillion, roughly 130 percent of US GDP. † This statistics reveled by the FED stuff, indicates that there is a financial linkage between the countries around the world. As a result, â€Å"more than two-third of U. S. liabilities are in the form of debt instruments, while half of U. S. claims are in equity securities and direct investment. † In other words, foreign investors find attractive U. S. markets because of many factors like the Rule of Law, social and political stability, the respect for private property, the uniform commercial code with the court system that can help to resolve disputes, the reliable open market, the safety and soundness of banking system, and finally the transparency in pricing of securities. The next point of the Governor’s speech is about two puzzles. There is an assumption that the United States has the unknown ways to have the higher returns on its investments. The U. S. residents have income of $90 billions more than the foreign investors on their investments in the United States. According to the governor, â€Å"the answer lies in the returns, composition, and size of U. S. claims and liabilities. The return received on U. S. direct investment claims on the rest of the world is much larger than paid by U. S. on its direct investment liabilities to the rest of the world or any other assets. † In short, direct investment appears to be a greater share of U. S. claims than it is of U. S. liabilities. Moreover, the United States is not the only country that has a positive net investment income. United Kingdom has also a larger difference in the rate of return on direct investment claims and liabilities comparing to other countries. This fact proves that the U. S. residents allocate their investments with a greater risk premium and make more physical investments in other countries. Kroszner suggested that difference of $90 billion can be partially explained also by favorable tax laws that â€Å"reduce their overall tax burden† on their direct investments in other countries. Another puzzle was about the U. S. ability to borrow on better terms than the other countries do in order to finance their ‘external deficit. † The United States has huge account deficits over $3. 8 trillion. To finance the deficit U. S. needs to borrow abroad. According to the governor, â€Å"U. S. net liabilities increased by only $600 billion, which is $3. 2 trillion less than the cumulated current account deficits. About $2. 4 trillion of this amount is because of valuation adjustments (capital gains) favoring us claims. † The adjustments constantly occur because of the changes in asset prices and the U. S. currency which is considered to be the major medium of exchange on the market, about 66%. Besides the fact that the United States has the deficit since 1980s, the foreigners are still willing to invest in U. S. market. They can find it more attractive if the United States has the higher real interest. They observe such relative facts like the real sustainable economic growth, the relative inflation rates, and Purchasing Power Parity in the long-run exchange rates. They might also choose to invest in certain securities because of personal preferences and tastes. All these facts influence their decision making to invest in the U. S. market, but the key to resolve the second puzzle lies in differences in portfolio returns, composition, and size. â€Å"Most U. S. liabilities are debt securities, which realize small capital gains, while a large fraction of U. S. claims on the rest of the world are equity securities, which realize much larger capital gains. † In other words, the U. S. residents are taking more risk when invest in the new emerged markets while the foreign investors make safe decisions to invest in the U. S. securities with lower risk and lower return like U. S. bond and bills. Because of global trading and financial linkages, all the countries are bounded together.

Benihana Case Study

Marketing Management Class Notes 1/16/13 Markets: * Consumer market—B2C * Business market—B2B * Global market (? ) * Not-for-profit market—must have higher revenues than cost to survive * ex: health-care: hospitals need 7% more revenues than expenses to survive * Government market Core Concepts: * needs, wants, and demands * segmentation, target markets, positioning * offerings and brands value and satisfaction * relationship marketing * marketing channels * supply chain * competition * marketing environment Marketing mix—4 Ps * Product—good, service, idea, experience, place, person, etc. * Price—above, at, or below market * Place—retail location, channel of distribution * Promotion—advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, PR/publicity Shifts in marketing management: in past: marketing does marketing; now: everyone does marketing * organized by product units; now: organizing by customer segments * using many suppliers; no w: using fewer suppliers who are partners * ex: Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble pampers—no longer places orders for pampers; now P&G brand manager manages Wal-Mart shelf of pampers * emphasizing tangible assets; now emphasizing intangible assets * building brands through advertising; now building brand through performance and integrated communication * good experience=tell 5 other people; ad experience=tell 9 other people * now even more permanent with online ratings * shotgun (dispersed) v. rifle (accurate) * avoid shotgun (avoid developing product/service that would appeal to everybody) * relying on old markets; now uncovering new markets * focusing on profitable transactions; now customer lifetime value * major goals of increasing revenue and market share v. now: must be responsible for return on marketing investment (ROMI) * local; now glocal (local and global) * focus on shareholders; now focus on stakeholders What do marketers do? develop marketing strategies and plans * generate/collect marketing info (research) * connect w/ customers * develop market offerings * build brands * delivery and communicate value * create long-term growth * ex: ivory 1879 and still going New Marketing capabilities: * use of internet for info and sales * easily gather info about: * customers, prospects, markets, competitors * social media * facilitate and speed communication w/ customers * personal marketing (thru email) * mobile marketing for customers on the go * mass customization * bit of an oxi-moron * ex: Levi’s jeans made to size measurements use internet internally and for other than marketing Evolution of the Marketing Concept * Production Concept—production efficiency, low costs, mass dist. ; consumers want the most quality, performance, or innovative features (more, better, faster) * Stool made in cottage industry—individuals made them at home w/ tools on handindustrial revolution—factories, standards, conformity, production concept emerged * Selling Concept—consumers will buy only if the company aggressively promotes/sells these products * Too many stools produced and no one is buying themhow to sell them? must aggressively sell and advertise * Marketing Concept—focuses on needs/wants of target markets and delivering value better than competitors * Quit making stools that people don’t need or want; * must determine how many stools the customer wants first before making them * The Marketing Concept’s—Three Pillars: * Customer orientation * Integrated marketing effort** * Table 1. 1 on p. 23 * integrated w/ other departments b/c marketing interacts w/ customers * Emphasis on profitable sales (not all sales are worth pursuing) * Pillsbury Ex: 1. We make flour†¦how do we make the flour faster and better * 2. We sell flour†¦hired sales people and started advertising * 3. What do customers want that has flour in it—expanded product lines †¦Burger King— hamburger buns, pie shops, refrigerated dough products Ch. 2: Developing Marketing Strategies and Plans * Value—the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service compared to its costs * Determinant of Cust0mer Values: * Customer perceived value * total customer value * Image value * Personal value * services value * product value vs. total customer cost * Monetary cost * time cost * energy cost * psychic cost * in mind—instantly assessing value and weighing it against cost Creating value: * satisfy needs * more than one org * functions of marketing creates value Generic value chain—link in chain consists of: * Primary activities: inbound logistics, operations, out-bound logistics, marketing and sales, service * support activities: firm infrastructure, HR management, technology development, procurement (purchasing) * margin-includes profitability Ex: Levi Jeans Value-Delivery Network: Dupont fibersMilliken fabricsLevi’s apparelSears reta ilcustomer * each is a link in the value chain When value is not provided: * lost sale * lost customer—CLV (accounting for the number of years person would have been a customer) Competitive Advantage—something a co. has that no other co. has * achieved through: * 1. core competencies—source of comp. advantage, application in wide variety of markets, and difficult for competitors to imitate * 2. distinctive capabilities—excellence in broad business practices * involve multiple levels of people ex: ability to innovate, ability to understand your customer, understanding the market Marketing goal=competitive advantage * must be something significant to customers * important in a variety of markets * difficult to imitate Strategic planning: * Corp. Mission * â€Å"Marketing Myopia†Ã¢â‚¬â€see close but don’t see far away; * Railroads thought they were in the railroad business, had they realized they were in the transportation business they could have expanded line to auto or plane * What business are we in? * growth opportunities * growth matrix * SBU—Strategic Business Unit * Resources—S/W Assessment—O/T * goalsstrategies to achieve goalstactical plans to achieve strategies Good Mission Statement * ex’s in the book: Table 2. 5 * identify: * target customers and markets * principle services delivered * org. philosophy * desired self/public image * Mission statement—what the co. does; Vision statement—hope for future Goals and Objectives: * goals—umbrella; hierarchical (at different levels) * provide broad direction * objectives—SMART * Specific * Measurable * Actionable * Realistic * Time bound—for marketing plan, usually a year * for new product, maybe 6 months Porter’s Generic Strategies: * 1.Overall cost leadership—low cost provider; can make stuff at the lowest cost (will have higher margins and more choices) * 2. Differentiation—develop competitive advantages that are diff. from competition * Focus—segment; * niche market focus that has either overall cost leadership or differentiations Ansoff’s Product/Market Expansion Grid: | Existing products| New products| Existing markets| Market Penetration * advertising, lowering price, increasing sales personnel, * take existing pie of market share and try to get bigger piece of the pie | Product development| New markets| Market development * ex: co. hat made lawnmowers B2B (golf courses) decided they could sell those lawnmowers to consumers | Diversification | Boston Consulting Group’s Growth Share Matrix | Relatively high market share| Relatively low market share| High market growth rate| Stars| Question marks (aka problem children—don’t know how they are going to turn out)| Low market growth rate| Cash cows—products you’ve had for a relatively long time but they have slow growth Ex: Coke for Coca-Cola| Dogs| Implementatio n—plansEvaluation and Control: * Set objectives (to be measured) * measure performance against objectives * understand deviations—why didn’t you achieve what you set out to achieve * set new objectives Marketing Plan Parts: * Exec. Summary * Table of Contents * Situational Analysis: External Analysis * Situational Analysis: internal analysis * SWOT critical success factors * Goals/objectives * Strategy—4 Ps * Action programs * Financial implications * Controls Case Analysis—slides being sent via email